Abstract
This paper aims to understand the motives for entrepreneurship and business conducts of lifestyle entrepreneurs who run tourism ventures in remote and disadvantage places. For this purpose, twelve case studies are conducted involving tourism SMEs located in Calabria region (Southern Italy). The study enriches the scientific debate on lifestyle entrepreneurship in tourism. In particular, the “heretical entrepreneurship” is identified as a new type of lifestyle entrepreneurship that well suits to the destination remoteness and authentic development of unprivileged areas. Combining the theoretical and empirical research, this study proposes a framework in which the motivations for entrepreneurship and determinants of competitiveness in remote tourism destinations are considered.
References
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Beck, U., Giddens, A., & Lash, S. (1994). Reflexive modernization: Politics, tradition and aesthetics in the modern social order. Stanford University Press.
Boniface, B., Cooper, R., & Cooper, C. (2016). Worldwide destinations: The
geography of travel and tourism. London, UK: Routledge.
Bosworth, G., & Farrell, H. (2011). Tourism entrepreneurs in Northumberland. Annals of Tourism Research, 38(4), 1474-1494. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2011.03.015.
Bredvold, R., & Skålén, P. (2016). Lifestyle entrepreneurs and their identity construction: A study of the tourism industry. Tourism Management, 56, 96-105. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2016.03.023.
Carlsen, J., Morrison, A., & Weber, P. (2008). Lifestyle oriented small tourism firms. Tourism Recreation Research, 33(3), 255-263. doi: 10.1080/02508281.2008.11081549.
Carson, C., & Harwood, S. (2007). Tourism development in rural and remote areas: Build it and they may not come! Queensland Planner, 47(4), 18-22.
Carson, D., & Harwood, S. (2007a). Authenticity as competitive advantage for remote tourism destinations. CAUTHE 2007: Tourism-Past Achievements, Future Challenges, 284.
Carson, D.A., & Carson, D.B. (2017). Path dependence in remote area tourism development: Why institutional legacies matter. In P. Brouder, S.A,
Clave, A. Gill, & D. Ioannides (Eds.). Tourism destination evolution (pp. 103-122). London, UK: Routledge.
Castéran, H., & Roederer, C. (2013). Does authenticity really affect behavior? The case of the Strasbourg Christmas Market. Tourism Management, 36, 153-163. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2012.11.012.
Cerved (2018). Rapporto Cerved PMI. Retrieved from https://know.cerved.com.
Chen, S., & Elston, J. (2013). Entrepreneurial motives and characteristics: An analysis of small restaurant owners. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 35, 294-305. doi:10.1016/j.ijhm.2013.07.002.
Ciasullo, M.V., & Festa, G. (2014). Ethical capital for the renaissance of disadvantaged territories. The Libera Terra case study in the wine sector. Rivista Piccola Impresa/Small Business, 3, 39-62. doi:10.14596/pisb.180.
Conradson, D., & Pawson, E. (2009). New cultural economies of marginality: Revisiting the West Coast, South Island, New Zealand. Journal of Rural Studies, 25, 77-86. doi:10.1016/j.jrurstud.2008.06.002.
Dawson, D., Fountain, J, & Cohen, D.A. (2011). Seasonality and the lifestyle “conundrum”: An analysis of lifestyle entrepreneurship in wine tourism regions. Asia Pacific Journal of Tourism Research, 16(5), 551-572. doi: 10.1080/10941665.2011.597580.
De Azeredo Grünewald, R. (2002). Tourism and cultural revival. Annals of Tourism Research, 29(4), 1004-1021. doi:10.1016/S0160-7383(02)00005-1.
Deakins, D., & Freel, M. (2006). Entrepreneurship and small firms (4th ed.). London, UK: McGraw Hill.
Di Domenico, M. L. (2005). Producing hospitality, consuming lifestyles: Lifestyle entrepreneurship in urban Scotland. In E. Jones, & C. Haven-Tang (Eds.), Tourism SMEs, service quality and destination competitiveness (pp. 109-122). Cambridge, MA: CABI Pub.
Di Domenico, M. L., & Miller, G. (2012). Farming and tourism enterprise: Experiential authenticity in the diversification of independent small-scale family farming. Tourism Management, 33, 285-294. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2011.03.007.
Flanigan, S., Blackstock, K, Hunter, C. (2014). Agritourism from the perspective of providers and visitors: A typology-based study. Tourism Management, 40, 394-405. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.004.
Fu, H., Okumus, F., Wu, K., & Köseoglu, M. A. (2019). The entrepreneurship research in hospitality and tourism. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 78, 1-12. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2018.10.005.
Getz, D., Carlsen, J. & Morrison, A. (2004). The family business in tourism and hospitality. Wallingford: CABI.
Gummesson, E. (2006). Qualitative research in management: Addressing complexity, context and persona. Management Decision, 44(2), 167-179. doi:10.1108/00251740610650175.
Hall, M., & Rusher, K. (2004). Risky lifestyles? Entrepreneurial characteristics of the New Zealand bed and breakfast sector. In Thomas, R. (Eds.), Small firms in tourism: International perspectives (pp. 83-97). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
Hall, M.C., & Williams, A. (2008). Tourism and innovation. London: Routledge.
Heidegger, M. (1996). Being and time. Albany: State University of New York Press.
Horobin, H., & Long, J. (1996). Sustainable tourism: The role of the small firm. International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 8(5), 15–19. doi:10.1108/09596119610126103.
Knudsen, B.T., & Waade, A.M. (Eds.) (2010). Re-investing authenticity: tourism, place and emotions. Tourism and Cultural Change, vol. I, Channel View Publications, Leeds.
Komppula, R. (2014). The role of individual entrepreneurs in the development of competitiveness for a rural tourism destination. A case study. Tourism Management, 40, 361-371. doi: 10.1016/j.tourman.2013.07.007.
Lashley, C., & Rowson, B. (2010). Lifestyle businesses: Insights into Blackpool's hotel sector. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 29(3), 511-519. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2009.10.027.
Lindstrom, L. E., & Benz, M.R. (2002). Phases of career development: Case studies of young women with learning disabilities. Exceptional Children, 69(1), 67-84. doi: 10.1177/001440290206900105.
MacCannel, D. (1976). The tourist. A new theory of the leisure class. London, UK: University of California Press.
Marchant, B., & Mottiar, Z. (2011). Understanding lifestyle tourism entrepreneurs and digging beneath the issue of profits: Profiling surf tourism lifestyle entrepreneurs in Ireland. Tourism Planning and Development, 8(2), 171-183. doi:10.1080/21568316.2011.573917.
Marcketti, S. B., Niehm, L. S., & Fuloria, R. (2006). An exploratory study of lifestyle entrepreneurship and its relationship to life quality. Family and Consumer Sciences Research Journal, 34(3), 241-259. doi: 10.1177/1077727X05283632.
Mastroberardino P., Calabrese G. (2019). Corporate governance nelle imprese familiari: Verso un modello basato su Grado di Istituzionalizzazione (DI), Cambiamento Strutturante (SC) e Cambiamento Destrutturante (RC). Corporate Governance and Research & Development Studies, 1/2019, forthcoming.
Mbaiwa, J. (2011). Changes on traditional livelihood activities and lifestyles caused by tourism development in the Okavango Delta, Botswana. Tourism Management, 32, 1050-1060. doi:10.1016/j.tourman.2010.09.002.
Morrison, A. (2006). A contextualisation of entrepreneurship. International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behavior & Research, 12(4), 192-209, doi: 10.1108/13552550610679159.
Mottiar, Z., Boluk, K., & Kline, C. (2018). The roles of social entrepreneurs in rural destination development. Annals of Tourism Research, 68, 77-88. doi:10.1016/j.annals.2017.12.001.
Nepal, S. (2005). Tourism and remote mountain settlements: Spatial and temporal development of tourist infrastructure in the Mt Everest region, Nepal. Tourism Geographies, 7(May), 205-227. doi:10.1080/14616680500072471.
Nicholls, A. (2010). The legitimacy of social entrepreneurship: Reflexive isomorphism in a pre-paradigmatic field. Entrepreneurship, Theory & Practice, 34(4), 611-633. doi: 10.1111/j.1540-6520.2010.00397.x.
Nunnari, M. (2017). La Calabria spiegata agli Italiani. Il male, la bellezza e l’orgoglio della nostra Grecia. Soveria Mannelli: Rubbettino.
Patton, M.Q. (2002). Qualitative evaluation and research methods. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
Peters, M., Frehse, F., & Buhalis, D. (2009). The importance of lifestyle entrepreneurship: A conceptual study of tourism industry. Journal of Tourism and Cultural Heritage, 7(3), 393-405. doi:10.25145/j.pasos.2009.07.028.
Pine, B. J., & Gilmore, J. H. (2008). The eight principles of strategic authenticity. Strategy & Leadership, 36(3), 35-40. doi: 10.1108/10878570810870776.
Power, S., Domenico, M.D., & Miller, G. (2017). The nature of ethical entrepreneurship in tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 65, 36-48. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2017.05.001.
Presenza, A., Yucelen, M., & Camillo, A. (2016). Passion before profit in hospitality ventures. Some thoughts on lifestyle entrepreneur and the case of “Albergo Diffuso”. Sinergie Journal, 34(99), 221-239. doi:10.7433/s99.2016.12.
Regione Calabria (2015). La strategia per le aree interne. Politica di coesione 2014-2020. Retrieved from http://www.regione.calabria.it.
Robinson, R. N. S., & Clifford, C. (2012). Authenticity and festival foodservice experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 39(2), 571-600. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2011.06.007.
Rogerson, C. R. (2017). Less visited tourism spaces in South Africa. African Journal of Hospitality, Tourism and Leisure, 6(3), 1-17. ISSN: 2223-814X.
Ryan, T., Mottiar, Z., & Quinn, B. (2012). The dynamic role of entrepreneurs in destination development. Tourism Planning and Development, 9, 119–131. doi: 10.1080/21568316.2011.630747.
Saarinen, J., Rogerson, C. M., & Hall, C. M. (2017). Geographies of tourism
development and planning. Tourism Geographies, 19(3), 307-317. doi: 10.1080/14616688.2017.1307442.
Salvatore, R. (2015). Between nature and landscape: The role of community towards an active conservation in protected areas. In Gambino R., Peano A. (Eds.). Nature policies and landscape policies (pp. 223-231). Springer International Publishing.
Schmallegger, D., Carson, D., Tremblay, P. (2010). The economic geography of remote tourism: The problem of connection seeking. Tourism Analysis, 15(1), 127-139. doi: 10.3727/108354210X12724734537551.
Schumpeter, J. A. (2000). Entrepreneurship as innovation. In R. Swedberg (Eds.), Entrepreneurship: The Social Science View (pp. 51-75). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Shaw, G., & Williams, A. (2004). From lifestyle consumption to lifestyle production: Changing patterns of tourism entrepreneurship. In Thomas, R. (Eds.), Small firms in tourism: International perspectives (pp. 99-113). Oxford, UK: Elsevier.
Shaw, G. (2014). Entrepreneurial cultures and small business enterprises in tourism. In A. A. Lew, C. M. Hall, & A. M. Williams (Eds.), The Wiley Blackwell companion to tourism (pp. 120-131). Oxford, UK: Wiley Online Library, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
Shepherd, R. J. (2015). Why Heidegger did not travel: Existential angst, authenticity, and tourist experiences. Annals of Tourism Research, 52, 60-71. doi: 10.1016/j.annals.2015.02.018.
Skokic, V., Lynch, P., & Morrison, A. (2016). Hotel entrepreneurship in a turbulent environment. International Journal of Hospitality Management, 53, 1-11. doi: 10.1016/j.ijhm.2015.11.008.
Steiner, C.J. & Reisinger, Y. (2006). Understanding existential
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