Abstract
The study aims to deepen knowledge on the Open Innovation (OI) approach. The focus is on how Wine SMEs organize themselves to sustain OI and to answer the matters that influence in opening/closing the approach to innovation. The work performs an explorative qualitative analysis using the multiple case-study methodology with ten Italian wine firms. Although this firms present an increasing interest in actions related to OI, the findings show that so far it has not put in place a real declared strategy. The study highlights several barriers that hinder the adoption of OI model: cultural and organizational differences among involved partners; lack of knowledge, resources and competencies. The findings suggest that open innovation is a field of increasing interest for both academics and practitioners and we cannot yet speak of a veritable declared strategy. It appears more like a set of fragmented initiatives and, moreover, at a beginning stage with several barriers that hinder a significant improvement.References
Archibugi D., Cesaratto S., Sirilli G.,1991, “Sources of innovative activities and industrial organization in Italy”, Research Policy, 20 (1), 299-313.
Aylward D., 2003, “A Documentary of Innovation Support among New World Wine Industries”, Journal of Wine Research, 14 (1), 31-43.
Baccarani C., Golinelli G. M., 2014, “Le parole dell’innovazione”, Sinergie, 94, IX-XIV.
Baldwin J.R., Gellatly G., 2003), Innovation strategies and performance in small firms, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
Baregheh A., Rowley J., Sambrook S., Davies D., 2012, “Innovation in food sector SMEs”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 19 (2), 300-321.
Baum J.A.C., Calabrese T., Silverman B.S., 2000, “Don’t go it alone: Alliance network composition and startups’ performance in Canadian biotechnology”, Strategic Management Journal, 21 (3), 267-294.
Bianchi M., Campodall’orto S., Frattini F., Vercesi P., 2010, “Enabling open innovation in small- and medium- sized enterprises: how to find alternative applications for your technologies”, R&D Management, 40 (4), 414-431.
Bonti M., Cori E., Palazzolo G., 2012, “Reti di piccole imprese per l’innovazione: il caso Neftech”, Piccola Impresa/Small Business, 3, 49-69.
Cantù C., Gavinelli L., 2008, “Reti di territorio: la valorizzazione delle risorse intangibili in un orizzonte internazionale”, Atti del Convegno AIDEA Giovani: L’internalizzazione della piccola e media impresa italiana, Macerata, 25-26 gennaio.
Ceci F., Iubatti D., 2012, “Personal relationships and innovation diffusion in SME networks: A content analysis approach”, Research Policy, 41 (3), 565-579.
Chesbrough H., Crowther A.K., 2006, “Beyond high tech: early adopters of open innovation in other industries”, R&D Management, 36 (3), 229-236.
Chesbrough H.W. (2003), “A Better Way to Innovate”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 81, n. 7, pp. 12-13.
Chesbrough H.W., 2007, “Why companies should have open business models”, MIT Sloan Management Review, 48 (2), 22-28.
Chesbrough H., 2010, “Business Model Innovation: Opportunities and Barriers”, Long Range Planning, 43 (1), 354-363.
Chesbrough H., Vanhaverbeke W., West J., 2006, Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Chiodo E., 2010, “Il ruolo dei piccoli produttori vinicoli nel contesto italiano”, in Cardinali S., Gregori G.L., Pallonari M. (a cura), Piccole imprese vitivinicole e un nuovo approccio al marketing integrato, Milano, Franco Angeli, 44-64.
Christensen J.F., Olesen M.H., Kjaer J.S., 2005, “The industrial dynamics of open innovation. Evidence from the transformation of consumer electronics”, Research Policy, 34 (10), 1533-1549.
COLDIRETTI ABRUZZO, 2015, In Abruzzo bene l’export del vino, Disponibile all’indirizzo: http://www.abruzzo.coldiretti.it/in-abruzzo-bene-l-export-del-vino.aspx?KeyPub=GP_CD_ABRUZZO_INFO%7CPAGINA_CD_ABRUZZO_NCS&Cod_Oggetto=66506744&subskintype=Detail
Colombo M.G., Laursen K., Magnusson M., Rossi-LamastrA C., 2012, “Introduction: Small Business and Networked Innovation: Organizational and Managerial Challenges”, Journal of Small Business Management, 50 (2), 181-190.
Dahlander L., Gann D.M., 2010, “How open is innovation?”, Research Policy, 39 (6), 699-709.
Dittrich K., Duijsters G.M., 2007, “Networking as a means to strategic change : the case of open innovation in mobile telephony”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 24 (6), 510-521.
Dressler M., 2013, “Innovation management of German wineries: from activity to capacity—an explorative multi-case survey”, Wine Economics and Policy, 2 (1), 19-26.
Dries L., Pascucci S., TöRöK A., TóTh J., 2013, “Open innovation processes in the Hungarian wine sector”, Eurochoices, 12 (1), 53-59.
Edwards T., Delbridge R., Munday M., 2005, “Understanding innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises: a process manifest”, Technovation, 25 (10), 1119-1127.
Eisenhardt M.K., 1989, “Building Theories from Case-Study Research”, Academy of Management Review, 14 (4), 532-550.
Eisenhardt K.M., Graebner M.E., 2007, “Theory Building from Cases: Opportunities and Challenges”, Academy of Management Journal, 50 (1), 25-32.
Enkel E., Gassmann O., Chesbrough H.W., 2009, “Open R&D and open innovation: Exploring the phenomenon, R&D Management, 39 (4), 311-316.
Enzing C.M., Pascucci S., Janszen F.H.A., Omta S.W.F., 2011, “Role of open innovation in the short- and long-term market success of new products: evidence from the Dutch food and beverages industry”, Journal on Chain and Network Science, 11 (3), 235-250.
Fetterhoff T.J., Voelkel D., 2006, “Managing open innovation in biotechnology”, Research Technology Management, 49 (3), 14-18.
Freel M. (2000), “External linkages and product innovation in small manufacturing firms”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 12 (1), 245-266.
Gilinsky A., Santini C., Lazzerretti L., Eyler R., 2008, “Desperately seeking serendipity: exploring the impact of country location on innovation in the wine industry”, International Journal of Wine Business Research, 20 (4), 302-320.
Giuliani E. (2007), “The wine industry: persistence of tacit knowledge or increased codification? Some implications for catching-up countries”, International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, 3 (2/3), 138-154.
Giuliani E., Bell M., 2005, “The micro-determinants of meso-level learning and innovation: evidence from a Chilean wine cluster”, Research Policy, 34 (1), 47-68.
Huizingh E.K.R.E., 2011, “Open innovation: State of the art and future perspectives”, Technovation, 31 (1), 2-9.
Fait M., Iazzi A., 2008, “The role of denomination of origins in the competition of the wine sector”, Atti del 4th International Conference of the Academy of Wine Business Research, Siena, 17- 19 luglio, pp 17-19.
Lee S., Park G., Yoon B., Park J., 2010, “Open innovation in SMEs. An intermediated network model”, Research Policy, 39 (2), 290-300.
Lichtenthäler U. 2011, “Open innovation: past research, current debates, and future directions”, Academy of Management Perspectives, 25 (1), 75-93.
Mansury M.A., Love J.H., 2008, “Innovation, productivity and growth in US business services: a firm-level analysis”, Technovation, 28 (1-2), 52-62.
Marceau J., Martinez C., 2002, “Selling solutions: product-service packages as links between new and old economies”. Atti del DRUID Summer Conference on ‘Industrial Dynamics of the New and Old Economy – who is embracing whom?, Copenhagen/Elsinore, 6-8 June.
Mattiacci A., Nosi C., Zanni L., 2005, “How the increasing competition is reshaping tuscan wineries: the cases of Chianti Classico and Brunello di Montalcino”, Atti del Second Annual International Wine Marketing Symposium, Rohnert Park California, 8-9 July.
Ndou V., Del Vecchio P., Passiante G., Schina L., 2012, “Toward a sectoral system of innovation for local wine sector”, International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 8 (1), 81-94.
Nosi C., 2014, “Wines and places: the determinants of territory competitiveness”, Atti del XXXV Annual Conference of the Italian Association of Regional Science (AISRE), Special Session (ST25) on New evolution trajectories for local economic development: Focus on cultural and creative industries and innovation networks, Padova, 11-13 september.
Nosi C., 2009, “The Aussie Value Innovation: How Australia Escaped the Red Queen of the Global Wine Business”, Mercati e Competitività, 4, 45-70.
Orth U.R., Lockshin L., D’hauteville F., 2007, “The global wine business as a research field”, International Journal of Wine Business Research, 19 (1), 5-13.
Parida V., Westerberg M., Frishammar J., 2012, “Inbound Open Innovation Activities in High-Tech SMEs: The Impact on Innovation Performance”, Journal of Small Business Management, 50 (2), 283-309.
Pizzorno A., 1999, “Perché si paga il benzinaio. Nota per una teoria del capitale sociale”, Stato e mercato, 57, 373-394.
Presenza A., Abbate T., Vargas A., 2015, “Open Innovation In Smes. An Exploratory Analysis In The Wine Sector”, Atti del 8th Annual Conference Of The Euromed Academy Of Business, Verona, 16-18 September.
Rea A., D’antone S., 2010, “La sistemicità presupposto del valore della marca territoriale. Un’analisi sul mondo del vino Made in Italy”, Sinergie, 83, 179-200.
Robertson P.L., Casali G.L., Jacobson D., 2012, “Managing open incremental process innovation: absorptive capacity and distributed learning”, Research policy, 41 (5), 822-832.
Rogers E.M., 2003, Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.), New York, Free Press.
Romijn H., Albaladejo M., 2002, “Determinants of innovation capability in small electronics and software firms in southeast England”, Research Policy, 31 (1), 1053-1067.
Rossi M., 2013, “Il wine business in un ambiente competitivo in cambiamento: scelte strategiche e finanziarie delle PMI vitivinicole campane”, Piccola Impresa/Small Business, 2, 11-36.
Schilling M., 2009, Strategic Management of Technological Innovation, New York, McGraw Hill Higher Education.
Spithoven A., Clarysse B., Knockaert M., 2010, “Building absorptive capacity to organise inbound open innovation in traditional industries”, Technovation, 30 (2), 130-141.
Vagnani G, Volpe L., 2009, “Alla ricerca del valore della filiera vitivinicola: verso la formulazione di un modello di analisi”, Mercati e Competitività, 4, 21-43.
Vrontis D., Viassone M., 2013, “When wine meets territory”, in Vrontis D., Weber Y., Tsoukatos E. (eds.), Confronting Contemporary Business Challenges through Management Innovation, Nicosia, EuroMed Press, 1898-1909.
Yin K.R. (2003), Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Newbury Park, Sage Publication Inc.
Aylward D., 2003, “A Documentary of Innovation Support among New World Wine Industries”, Journal of Wine Research, 14 (1), 31-43.
Baccarani C., Golinelli G. M., 2014, “Le parole dell’innovazione”, Sinergie, 94, IX-XIV.
Baldwin J.R., Gellatly G., 2003), Innovation strategies and performance in small firms, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar.
Baregheh A., Rowley J., Sambrook S., Davies D., 2012, “Innovation in food sector SMEs”, Journal of Small Business and Enterprise Development, 19 (2), 300-321.
Baum J.A.C., Calabrese T., Silverman B.S., 2000, “Don’t go it alone: Alliance network composition and startups’ performance in Canadian biotechnology”, Strategic Management Journal, 21 (3), 267-294.
Bianchi M., Campodall’orto S., Frattini F., Vercesi P., 2010, “Enabling open innovation in small- and medium- sized enterprises: how to find alternative applications for your technologies”, R&D Management, 40 (4), 414-431.
Bonti M., Cori E., Palazzolo G., 2012, “Reti di piccole imprese per l’innovazione: il caso Neftech”, Piccola Impresa/Small Business, 3, 49-69.
Cantù C., Gavinelli L., 2008, “Reti di territorio: la valorizzazione delle risorse intangibili in un orizzonte internazionale”, Atti del Convegno AIDEA Giovani: L’internalizzazione della piccola e media impresa italiana, Macerata, 25-26 gennaio.
Ceci F., Iubatti D., 2012, “Personal relationships and innovation diffusion in SME networks: A content analysis approach”, Research Policy, 41 (3), 565-579.
Chesbrough H., Crowther A.K., 2006, “Beyond high tech: early adopters of open innovation in other industries”, R&D Management, 36 (3), 229-236.
Chesbrough H.W. (2003), “A Better Way to Innovate”, Harvard Business Review, vol. 81, n. 7, pp. 12-13.
Chesbrough H.W., 2007, “Why companies should have open business models”, MIT Sloan Management Review, 48 (2), 22-28.
Chesbrough H., 2010, “Business Model Innovation: Opportunities and Barriers”, Long Range Planning, 43 (1), 354-363.
Chesbrough H., Vanhaverbeke W., West J., 2006, Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm, Oxford, Oxford University Press.
Chiodo E., 2010, “Il ruolo dei piccoli produttori vinicoli nel contesto italiano”, in Cardinali S., Gregori G.L., Pallonari M. (a cura), Piccole imprese vitivinicole e un nuovo approccio al marketing integrato, Milano, Franco Angeli, 44-64.
Christensen J.F., Olesen M.H., Kjaer J.S., 2005, “The industrial dynamics of open innovation. Evidence from the transformation of consumer electronics”, Research Policy, 34 (10), 1533-1549.
COLDIRETTI ABRUZZO, 2015, In Abruzzo bene l’export del vino, Disponibile all’indirizzo: http://www.abruzzo.coldiretti.it/in-abruzzo-bene-l-export-del-vino.aspx?KeyPub=GP_CD_ABRUZZO_INFO%7CPAGINA_CD_ABRUZZO_NCS&Cod_Oggetto=66506744&subskintype=Detail
Colombo M.G., Laursen K., Magnusson M., Rossi-LamastrA C., 2012, “Introduction: Small Business and Networked Innovation: Organizational and Managerial Challenges”, Journal of Small Business Management, 50 (2), 181-190.
Dahlander L., Gann D.M., 2010, “How open is innovation?”, Research Policy, 39 (6), 699-709.
Dittrich K., Duijsters G.M., 2007, “Networking as a means to strategic change : the case of open innovation in mobile telephony”, Journal of Product Innovation Management, 24 (6), 510-521.
Dressler M., 2013, “Innovation management of German wineries: from activity to capacity—an explorative multi-case survey”, Wine Economics and Policy, 2 (1), 19-26.
Dries L., Pascucci S., TöRöK A., TóTh J., 2013, “Open innovation processes in the Hungarian wine sector”, Eurochoices, 12 (1), 53-59.
Edwards T., Delbridge R., Munday M., 2005, “Understanding innovation in small and medium-sized enterprises: a process manifest”, Technovation, 25 (10), 1119-1127.
Eisenhardt M.K., 1989, “Building Theories from Case-Study Research”, Academy of Management Review, 14 (4), 532-550.
Eisenhardt K.M., Graebner M.E., 2007, “Theory Building from Cases: Opportunities and Challenges”, Academy of Management Journal, 50 (1), 25-32.
Enkel E., Gassmann O., Chesbrough H.W., 2009, “Open R&D and open innovation: Exploring the phenomenon, R&D Management, 39 (4), 311-316.
Enzing C.M., Pascucci S., Janszen F.H.A., Omta S.W.F., 2011, “Role of open innovation in the short- and long-term market success of new products: evidence from the Dutch food and beverages industry”, Journal on Chain and Network Science, 11 (3), 235-250.
Fetterhoff T.J., Voelkel D., 2006, “Managing open innovation in biotechnology”, Research Technology Management, 49 (3), 14-18.
Freel M. (2000), “External linkages and product innovation in small manufacturing firms”, Entrepreneurship and Regional Development, 12 (1), 245-266.
Gilinsky A., Santini C., Lazzerretti L., Eyler R., 2008, “Desperately seeking serendipity: exploring the impact of country location on innovation in the wine industry”, International Journal of Wine Business Research, 20 (4), 302-320.
Giuliani E. (2007), “The wine industry: persistence of tacit knowledge or increased codification? Some implications for catching-up countries”, International Journal of Technology and Globalisation, 3 (2/3), 138-154.
Giuliani E., Bell M., 2005, “The micro-determinants of meso-level learning and innovation: evidence from a Chilean wine cluster”, Research Policy, 34 (1), 47-68.
Huizingh E.K.R.E., 2011, “Open innovation: State of the art and future perspectives”, Technovation, 31 (1), 2-9.
Fait M., Iazzi A., 2008, “The role of denomination of origins in the competition of the wine sector”, Atti del 4th International Conference of the Academy of Wine Business Research, Siena, 17- 19 luglio, pp 17-19.
Lee S., Park G., Yoon B., Park J., 2010, “Open innovation in SMEs. An intermediated network model”, Research Policy, 39 (2), 290-300.
Lichtenthäler U. 2011, “Open innovation: past research, current debates, and future directions”, Academy of Management Perspectives, 25 (1), 75-93.
Mansury M.A., Love J.H., 2008, “Innovation, productivity and growth in US business services: a firm-level analysis”, Technovation, 28 (1-2), 52-62.
Marceau J., Martinez C., 2002, “Selling solutions: product-service packages as links between new and old economies”. Atti del DRUID Summer Conference on ‘Industrial Dynamics of the New and Old Economy – who is embracing whom?, Copenhagen/Elsinore, 6-8 June.
Mattiacci A., Nosi C., Zanni L., 2005, “How the increasing competition is reshaping tuscan wineries: the cases of Chianti Classico and Brunello di Montalcino”, Atti del Second Annual International Wine Marketing Symposium, Rohnert Park California, 8-9 July.
Ndou V., Del Vecchio P., Passiante G., Schina L., 2012, “Toward a sectoral system of innovation for local wine sector”, International Journal of Business and Globalisation, 8 (1), 81-94.
Nosi C., 2014, “Wines and places: the determinants of territory competitiveness”, Atti del XXXV Annual Conference of the Italian Association of Regional Science (AISRE), Special Session (ST25) on New evolution trajectories for local economic development: Focus on cultural and creative industries and innovation networks, Padova, 11-13 september.
Nosi C., 2009, “The Aussie Value Innovation: How Australia Escaped the Red Queen of the Global Wine Business”, Mercati e Competitività, 4, 45-70.
Orth U.R., Lockshin L., D’hauteville F., 2007, “The global wine business as a research field”, International Journal of Wine Business Research, 19 (1), 5-13.
Parida V., Westerberg M., Frishammar J., 2012, “Inbound Open Innovation Activities in High-Tech SMEs: The Impact on Innovation Performance”, Journal of Small Business Management, 50 (2), 283-309.
Pizzorno A., 1999, “Perché si paga il benzinaio. Nota per una teoria del capitale sociale”, Stato e mercato, 57, 373-394.
Presenza A., Abbate T., Vargas A., 2015, “Open Innovation In Smes. An Exploratory Analysis In The Wine Sector”, Atti del 8th Annual Conference Of The Euromed Academy Of Business, Verona, 16-18 September.
Rea A., D’antone S., 2010, “La sistemicità presupposto del valore della marca territoriale. Un’analisi sul mondo del vino Made in Italy”, Sinergie, 83, 179-200.
Robertson P.L., Casali G.L., Jacobson D., 2012, “Managing open incremental process innovation: absorptive capacity and distributed learning”, Research policy, 41 (5), 822-832.
Rogers E.M., 2003, Diffusion of innovations (5th ed.), New York, Free Press.
Romijn H., Albaladejo M., 2002, “Determinants of innovation capability in small electronics and software firms in southeast England”, Research Policy, 31 (1), 1053-1067.
Rossi M., 2013, “Il wine business in un ambiente competitivo in cambiamento: scelte strategiche e finanziarie delle PMI vitivinicole campane”, Piccola Impresa/Small Business, 2, 11-36.
Schilling M., 2009, Strategic Management of Technological Innovation, New York, McGraw Hill Higher Education.
Spithoven A., Clarysse B., Knockaert M., 2010, “Building absorptive capacity to organise inbound open innovation in traditional industries”, Technovation, 30 (2), 130-141.
Vagnani G, Volpe L., 2009, “Alla ricerca del valore della filiera vitivinicola: verso la formulazione di un modello di analisi”, Mercati e Competitività, 4, 21-43.
Vrontis D., Viassone M., 2013, “When wine meets territory”, in Vrontis D., Weber Y., Tsoukatos E. (eds.), Confronting Contemporary Business Challenges through Management Innovation, Nicosia, EuroMed Press, 1898-1909.
Yin K.R. (2003), Case Study Research: Design and Methods, Newbury Park, Sage Publication Inc.
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